Saturday, February 22, 2025

more about Richard Yates and “Revolutionary Road”

I started reading Revolutionary Road again because I needed a break from Moby Dick. But I could not stop reading and this time marked a few more quotes from Yates's masterpiece.

 

For background, the protagonists are Frank and April Wheeler, aptly described in the Wikipedia entry for the book as "self-assured Connecticut suburbanites who see themselves as very different from their neighbors."

 

In this read I noted how Frank would never admit to being comfortable and practical. He still thinks he is too tuned in to really be what he might appear to be—a boring suburban husband and father with a dull job in some building downtown. So, for a while, Frank manages to suppress his fear of April's plan for them to leave the suburbs and start life over in Paris.

 

At first, Frank and April feel elated. They spend evenings rhapsodizing over drinks instead of fighting. The change in their behavior registers on some level with their young children.

There was one consolation: they could go to sleep without any fear of being waked in an hour by the abrupt, thumping, hard-breathing, door-slamming sounds of a fight: all that, apparently, was a thing of the past. They could lie drowsing now under the sound of kindly voices in the living room, a sound whose intricately rhythmic rise and fall would slowly turn into the shape of their dreams. And if they came awake later to turn over and reach with their toes for new cool places in the sheets, they knew the sound would still be there—one voice very deep and the other soft and pretty, talking and talking, as substantial and soothing as a blue range of mountains seen from far away.

Soon, though, Frank's doubts begin to ripple across the boozy evening conversations. 

Once he interrupted her to say, "Listen, why do we keep talking about Paris? Don't they have government agencies pretty much all over Europe? Why not Rome? Or Venice, or some place like Greece, even? I mean let’s keep an open mind; Paris isn’t the only place."

 

"Of course it isn't." She was impatiently brushing a fleck of ash off her lap. "But it does seem the most logical place to start, doesn't it? With the advantage of your knowing the language and everything?"

 

If he'd looked at the window at that moment he would have seen the picture of a frightened liar. The language! Had he ever really led her to believe he could speak French? "Well," he said, chuckling and walking away from her, "I wouldn't be too sure about that. I've probably forgotten most of what little I knew, and I mean I never did know the language in the sense of—you know, being able to speak it fluently or anything; just barely enough to get by."

 

"That's all we'll need. You'll pick it up again in no time. We both will. And besides, at least you've been there. You know how the city's laid out and what the various neighborhoods are like; that's important."

 

And he silently assured himself that this, after all, was substantially true. He knew where most of the picture-postcard landmarks were, on the strength of his several three-day passes in the city long ago; he also knew how to go from any of those places to where the American PX and Red Cross Club had once been established, and how to go from those points to the Place Pigalle, and how to choose the better kind of prostitute there and what her room would probably smell like. He knew those things, and he knew too that the best part of Paris, the part where the people really knew how to live, began around St. Germain des Prés and extended southeast (or was it southwest?) as far as the Café Dome. But this latter knowledge was based more on his reading of The Sun Also Rises in high school than in his real-life venturings into the district, which had mostly been lonely and footsore. He had admired the ancient delicacy of the buildings and the way the street lamps made soft explosions of light green in the trees at night, and the way each long, bright café awning would prove to reveal a sea of intelligently walking faces as he passed; but the white wine gave him a headache and the talking faces all seemed, on closer inspection, to belong either to intimidating men with beards or to women whose eyes could sum him up and dismiss him in less than a second. The place had filled him with a sense of wisdom hovering just out of reach, of unspeakable grace prepared and waiting just around the corner, but he'd walked himself weak down its endless blue streets and all the people who knew how to live had kept their tantalizing secret to themselves, and time after time he had ended up drunk and puking over the tailgate of the truck that bore him jolting back into the army. Je suis, he practiced to himself while April went on talking; tu es; nous sommes; vous êtes; ils sont.

One night, while Frank is still in denial, he and April arrive for another evening of drinks and camaraderie with their suburban commiserators Shep and Milly Campbell—and Shep, we learn, covets April. On this night, the Wheelers plan to announce the move to Europe. From Shep's perspective—

April had indeed decided to wear her dark blue dress, and she'd never been lovelier, but there was an odd, distant look in her eyes—the look of a cordial spectator more than a guest, let alone a friend—and it was all you could to get anything more than a "Yes" or an "Oh, really" out of her.

 

And Frank was the same, only ten times worse. It wasn't just that he wasn't talking (though that alone, for Frank was about as far out of character as you could get) or that he made no effort to conceal the fact that he wasn't listening to anything Milly said; it was that he was acting like a God damned snob. His eyes kept straying around the room, examining each piece of furniture and each picture as if he'd never found himself in quite such an amusingly typical suburban living room as this before—as if, for Christ's sake, he hadn't spent the last two years spilling his ashes and slopping his booze all over every available surface in this room; as if he hadn't burned a hole in the upholstery of this very sofa last summer and passed out drunk and snoring on this very rug.

ThenyeeshApril turns up pregnant, so Frank and April resume fighting.

He made himself a powerful drink and stood sipping it near the kitchen door, bracing himself.

After a while she sat heavily on the sofa and began a lethargic picking-over of old magazines. Then she dropped them and lay back, setting her sneakered feet on the coffee table, and said, "You really are a much more moral person than I am, Frank, I suppose that's why I admire you." But she didn't look or sound admiring.

And later,

She didn't answer, and in the darkness he could only guess at whether she was listening or not. He took a deep breath. "I mean things that have nothing to do with Europe," he said, "or with me. I mean things within yourself, things that have their origin in your own childhood—your own upbringing and so on. Emotional things."

There was a long silence before she said, in a pointedly neutral tone: "You mean I'm emotionally disturbed."

"I didn't say that!" But in the next hour, as his voice went on and on, he managed to say it several times in several different ways.

And when the marriage is lost to April, she finds clarity on how she ended up where she is now—starved of youth's promise and stuck in the suburbs, bored miserable with a man she can no longer stand:

The kiss, for that matter, had been exactly right—a perfectly fair, friendly kiss, a kiss for a boy you'd met at a party, a boy who'd danced with you and made you laugh and walked you home afterwards, talking about himself all the way.  

The only real mistake, the only wrong and dishonest thing, was ever to have seen him as anything more than that. Oh, for a month or two, just for fun, it might be all right to play a game like that with a boy; but all these years! And all because, in a sentimentally lonely time long ago, she had found it easy and agreeable to believe whatever this one particular boy felt like saying, and to repay him for that pleasure by telling easy, agreeable lies of her own, until each was saying what the other most wanted to hear—until he was saying "I love you" and she was saying "Really, I mean it; you're the most interesting person I've ever met."

What a subtle, treacherous thing it was to let yourself go that way! Because once you'd started it was terribly difficult to stop; soon you were saying "I'm sorry, of course you're right," and "Whatever you think is best," and "You're the most wonderful and valuable thing in the world," and the next thing you knew all honesty, all truth, was as far away and glimmering, as hopelessly unattainable as the world of the golden people. Then you discovered you were working at life the way the Laurel Players worked at The Petrified Forest, or the way Steve Kovick worked at his drums—earnest and sloppy and full of pretension and all wrong; you found you were saying yes when you meant no, and "We've got to be together in this thing" when you meant the very opposite; then you were breathing gasoline as if it were flowers and abandoning yourself to a delirium of love under the weight of a clumsy, grunting, red-faced man you didn't even like—Shep Campbell!—and then you were face to face, in total darkness, with the knowledge that you didn't know who you were.


Note: I still struggle with the idea that a college literary magazine quotes Yates at some point saying this: "I think I meant it more as an indictment of American life in the 1950s. Because during the fifties there was a general lust for conformity all over this country, by no means only in the suburbs—a kind of blind, desperate clinging to safety and security at any price"; but I continue to read it as criticism of people like Frank in the times he thinks he deserves something more.


Saturday, February 15, 2025

about Nirvana’s “In Utero”

I am my own parasite: A look back at the band’s third and final studio album

Grunge Takes Over

Record labels, radio, and MTV used to help drive what was popular. These gatekeepers could reach big audiences whose tastes were more homogeneous than they are today because the resources for discovering music were less fragmented.

Grunge—one of the last music trends to suddenly explode, dominate rock, and penetrate the culture beyond music—came and went in the early 1990s.

It started in the mainstream when Pearl Jam released “Ten” in August 1991 on Epic. Then Nirvana released “Nevermind” in September on DGC/Geffen. Soundgarden released “Badmotorfinger” in October on A&M. And Alice in Chains, having already released “Facelift” and its big single “Man in a Box” in 1990, released “Dirt” in September 1992 on Columbia.

Singles from these records played on radios and TVs everywhere, and the grunge style—flannel shirts, ripped jeans, Doc Martens, soul patches and goatees—was suddenly ubiquitous.

“Badmotorfinger” and “Dirt” are my favorite grunge albums, but Nirvana’s “Nevermind” was by far the most popular. In fact, it is one of the best-selling albums of all time.* None of the other grunge albums—not even Pearl Jam’s highly successful “Ten”—come close. 

“Nevermind” and Kurt Cobain 

Grunge, like many youth trends, caused some handwringing. The musicians looked depressed, and parents worried about the kids.

But “Nevermind” sounds bright, and the songs are really catchy.

Kurt Cobain, Nirvana’s founder, singer, guitar player, and primary songwriter, said he wanted the album to mix pop simplicity with darker influences, like "the Knack and the Bay City Rollers getting molested by Black Flag and Black Sabbath." Listen to “In Bloom.” The song screams pop. “Lithium” also broke out—its “Yeah, yeah, yeah” sing-song-style chorus invokes “She Loves You” by The Beatles and sticks like a nursery rhyme.

But after the success of “Nevermind,” Cobain repeatedly dismissed the album and said he was embarrassed by the record and would rather die than make another like it.

So Nirvana set out to make “In Utero.” The sonic change from “Nevermind” would be profound. 

“What else should I write?” 

The mixing and production of “In Utero” was a struggle. The band recorded an initial mix with Steve Albini. Cobain wanted Albini because he had produced two of Cobain’s favorite albums, “Surfer Rosa” by the Pixies and “Pod” by the Breeders. Albini had indie credibility. The bands on his resume were cool, and he hated major labels and the way they treated bands. He even refused to take royalties. Getting Albini signaled that Cobain did not intend to make another “Nevermind.”

But Geffen wanted another “Nevermind”—it wanted to sell records—and disliked the unmastered “In Utero” tapes. The new album so far wasn’t sounding like its mega-successful predecessor.

Cobain wanted to go ahead anyway, saying, “Of course they want another ‘Nevermind,’ but I'd rather die than do that. This is exactly the kind of record I would buy as a fan, that I would enjoy owning."

But then Cobain and the band grew dissatisfied, too.

Why? I don't know.

At the time, Albini suggested the label pressured Nirvana and fooled the young band into thinking the label was on their side. Then Nirvana issued an open letter saying the label had “supported our efforts all along in making this record.”

I think people—maybe the label, maybe Courtney Love, maybe Cobain himself—were in Cobain’s ear, saying that if “In Utero” lacked commercial appeal, then he would be known as a one-hit wonder and be rejected by both the purists who already saw him as a sellout and by mainstream audiences who’d reject a raw album with too few hooks.

I think Cobain, who was still so young, started to care about success. And his next album was at risk of commercial and critical failure.

Releasing “In Utero” 

Bob Ludwig, an engineer with major label experience who had his own mastering facility, mastered “In Utero” and helped assuage some of the label’s and band’s concerns. But Cobain, his mind now realigned with the label’s, still had doubts. Albini reluctantly surrendered the masters, and the band brought in Scott Litt, the producer for super-successful REM, to redo singles “Heart Shaped Box” and “All Apologies.”

Following a breakout album is hard. “Nevermind” was on the way to being certified Diamond and selling thirty million copies. Cobain must have felt intense pressure.

And, to further complicate things, success forced a contradiction on Cobain, who presented himself as a loser relegated to the margins.

In the end, “In Utero” didn’t sell even half as much as “Nevermind.” And once the album—this project Cobain had labored and stressed over—was out in the world, the reality must have been a letdown.

Listening to “In Utero” 

"Teenage angst has paid off well—now I'm bored and old" is an all-time great album-opening line. “Nevermind” and its ubiquitous single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit," paid off for the band and the label. But Cobain was losing his passion, according to his suicide note. And the industry, always hungry for the next big thing, would inevitably grow bored, too—especially if sales dropped.

And, of course, sales did.

MTV and radio played the “In Utero” singles over and over, but the success of “Nevermind” was not repeatable.

Compared to “Nevermind,” the songs sound muddy, the riffs aren’t as catchy, and the lyrics are sad.

Cobain was preoccupied with media coverage of Courtney Love and their relationship. Bass player Krist Novoselic would later comment on the album lyrics: “And it's not so much teen angst anymore. It's a whole different ball game: rock star angst.”

“In Utero” is a powerful album, nonetheless.

After the opening statement of “Serve the Servants” comes the album’s first single: "Heart-Shaped Box" was all over radio and MTV. The Hey-Wait and guitar-bend construction is probably the most recognizable moment on “In Utero.” You can become numb to a song when you have heard it so many times, but the lyrics on "Heart-Shaped Box" remain strikingly evocative.

She eyes me like a Pisces when I am weak  
I've been locked inside your heart-shaped box for weeks
I've been drawn into your magnet tar pit trap
I wish I could eat your cancer when you turn black
Cancer is Courtney Love’s astrological sign, and Pisces was Cobain’s. He referred to it in his suicide note. The lyrics are a poetic, tragic-romantic casting of the media’s portrayal of Cobain’s relationship with Love. The narrative then—and now, in many circles—is that Love was a starfucker, eager to build a career off his success. (Cobain and Love were a couple by early 1992.)

"Rape Me," another single from the album, features a chord progression and rhythm that resemble a numbed “Smells Like Teen Spirit.” The song was an anti-rape song when Cobain wrote it in 1991. By the time the band recorded it for “In Utero,” the song had acquired a second meaning—again, a characterization of media coverage. Cobain stressed over and protested his media coverage.

"Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle" best captures the grunge sound. The song includes moments of beautifully raw feedback. The song’s namesake was an actress and Seattle native who drew negative, sensationalized media coverage and was involuntarily committed for psychiatric treatment. In Cobain’s lyrics, Farmer was railroaded by a system—a story with which Cobain and Love identified.

"Dumb" is the quiet outsider amid a loud album. It reminds me of a slower, opiated version of “Lithium.” The song channels the vibe of the times, when being a loser was something to own up to but not own. Cobain was comparing himself to others. He had so much but enjoyed so little, and he wanted to understand why dumb people seemed to him so satisfied. It’s an excellent song. The cello struggles to resolve the melodic tension, and Grohl loosens up on the snare and ride cymbal to ride out the song with a soft swing.

The closest to “Nevermind” Nirvana would ever get on this album is "Very Ape." This song rocks—the one glowing song in a dark, bitter album.

One of my two favorite songs on “In Utero” is "Milk It." I love the attitude and abandon in the loud chorus; but the verse—neurotic and withdrawn—is somehow louder and more dangerous. And it has Cobain’s best lyrics:

I am my own parasite
I don't need a host to live
We feed off of each other
We can share our endorphins

Doll steak
Test meat

Look on the bright side, suicide
Lost eyesight, I am on your side
Angel left wing, right wing, broken wing
Lack of iron, I'm not sleeping

I love the guitar sound on “Pennyroyal Tea," and the song has Cobain’s best vocal. The song has the makings of a good pop song, including an excellent guitar part at the bridge.

My other favorite song is "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter." The riff is great, the rhythm drives, and the pitch-perfect snare just hits and hits and hits.

The American version of the album closes with "All Apologies." It is the brightest song on the album—not hopeful, but it has a lift with quiet-loud dynamics and resigned lyrics:

In the sun
In the sun, I feel as one
In the sun
In the sun
Married
Married
Married
Buried
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah
All in all is all we are.

Cobain described the song's mood as "peaceful, happy, comfort—just happy happiness," and he associated that mood with Love and their daughter, Frances Bean: "I like to think the song is for them ... but the words don't really fit in relation to us ... the feeling does, but not the lyrics." 

We feed off of each other 

“In Utero” was released in September 1993. Cobain died in early April 1994. By then, grunge was already being subsumed by the expansive genre label “alternative.” Alternative playlists could include Alanis Morrisette, Radiohead, Spin Doctors, and Korn.

But in 1991, it seemed like Cobain and grunge were conquering the world and killing off the hair metal that dominated the 1980s.

One trend does not kill another. Trends kill themselves. In the 1970s, rock began to seem pretentious. Punk seemed like a renewal. Then punk bands played disco. Disco partied. Hair metal promised to make rock exciting again. Then authenticity became important, and grunge arrived. Everything new is its own parasite. 

*Calculating album sales in different eras, especially with streaming now, in a consistently meaningful way is hard.